Distances Walked by Long Established and Newcomer Horses in an Open Stable System in Northern Germany

Group housing is claimed to possibly provide horses with a species-appropriate movement possibility, and hence, better welfare. Thus, this study analyzed the daily walked distances of 51 horses held in one group in a “HIT Active Stable” (Hinrichs Innovation + Technik) in Northern Germany by using global positioning system (GPS) technology during a 7 ½-month time span. The daily walking distances of the whole group, as well as newcomers, were investigated. The horses traveled an average of 8.43 km/day. Linear mixed models were applied. The observation day had a significant effect on the daily walking distances (P < .01) due to season and the available area per horse. The age as covariate also had a significant effect (P < .01). The breed had no significant effect (P = .96). No significant differences were found in sex (P = .69), which can be explained by the fact that only mares and geldings were investigated, which do not show increasing locomotion caused by sexual behavior as stallions do. On six of the first nine days, new horses moved significantly more compared to the remaining 24 of the 30 observation days directly after individuals’ inclusion. This is probably due to more exploration and rank-fighting behavior. Similar walking distances were seen among the horses on the single observation days because all horses had to travel the same distance to reach resources. Further, it is suspected that not all horses can sufficiently live out their urges to move, especially in winter, when pasture is inaccessible.     

Impact of different crop rotations and tillage systems on weed infestation and productivity of bread wheat

Crop rotation and tillage systems have important implications for weed infestation and crop productivity. In this study, five tillage systems viz. zero tillage (ZT), conventional tillage (CT), deep tillage (DT), bed sowing (60/30 cm with four rows; BS₁) and bed sowing (90/45 cm with six rows; BS₂) were evaluated in five different crop rotations viz. fallow-wheat (FW), rice-wheat (RW), cotton-wheat (CW), mungbean-wheat (MW) and sorghum-wheat (SW) for their effect on weed infestation and productivity of bread wheat. Interaction between different tillage practices and cropping systems had significant effect on density and dry biomass of total, broadleaved and grass weeds, agronomic and yield-related traits, and grain yield of bread wheat. The un-disturbed soils (ZT) under fallow-wheat or mungbean-wheat rotations favoured the weed prevalence (a total weed dry biomass of 72.4–109.6 and 105.6–112.1 g m⁻² in first and second year, respectively). Contrary to this, the disturbed soils (CT, DT, BS₁ and BS₂) had less weed infestation with either of the rotations (a total weed biomass of 0.4–7.1 and 1.1–5.4 g m⁻² in first and second year, respectively). Sorghum-wheat rotation had strong suppressive effect on weed infestation in all tillage systems. The impact of crop rotation was more visible during second year of experimentation. Bed sown wheat (BS₁ and BS₂) in mungbean-wheat rotation had the highest wheat grain yield (6.30–6.47 t ha⁻¹) compared to other tillage systems in different crop rotation combinations.     

秸秆还田对土壤养分及土壤微生物数量的影响

为探明秸秆还田后土壤养分及土壤微生物数量的变化情况，通过田间试验，研究了秸秆还田对小麦-玉米轮作体系中土壤养分及土壤微生物数量的影响。结果表明：秸秆还田可以增加土壤有机质含量，提高土壤养分库容，增加土壤中细菌、真菌及放线菌数量。50%秸秆还田、100%秸秆还田、150%秸秆还田条件下，土壤有机质增幅为0.02~0.04个百分点，土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾分别增加6.64~9.00、3.37~4.07、10.33~19.00 mg/kg。不同秸秆还田量增加土壤微生物丰富度，细菌、真菌、放线菌增幅分别为2.2×10⁸个/g~3.1×10⁸个/g、0.5×10⁶个/g ~3.5×10⁶个/g、1.3×10⁷个/g ~1.9×10⁷个/g。但过量秸秆还田不利于农田生产力。     

Strawberry Production in Central Europe

Abstract

This paper focuses on the cropping systems in central European countries such as Belgium, The Netherlands, UK, Ireland, Germany, Switzerland and the northern part of France and Italy. During the last decade there has been a consistent increase in programmed “out-of-season” strawberry production in several central European countries. This is being achieved in part, by using cultivars with different cropping seasons, but mainly by sequential planting of cold-stored plants and by growing strawberries in greenhouses and plastic tunnels. These methods have made it possible to extend the strawberry production for 11 months, from the end of February until mid January in central European countries with moderate climates.     

Human Simulated Intelligence Motion Control for Three-link Acrobot on Horizontal Bar

The design of multi-controller and multi-mode control law is presented for the three-link Acrobot on horizontal bar by employing Human simulated intelligent control method based on sensory-motor Schema.Imitated the characteristics of gymnast's swing-up and handstand movement,the control process of robot is divided by six sequence phase.Then the sensory cell and motor cell and the group of sensory-motor schema is designed based on the analysis of quality-quantity combination.The simulation results show that the controller ensures the gesture and the energy to the desired goal,farther more the motion control of giant swing backword is realized in the simulation.     

A Multi-agent Fault Diagnosis System of Rotating Machinery Based on CBR

Recently,distributed intelligent systems based on multi-agent have been applied to many fields successfully.the multi-agent technique is introduced into the rotating machinery fault diagnosis system.With the combination of CBR technique,Basalstructure and development approach of the system are analyzed,and better cooperation among agents is realized.As a result,the system overcomes the limitation of single fault diagnosis method,and solves the contradictionbetween versatilityand adaptabilityof diagnosis software.Furthermore,a reference can be used for the research and development of multi-algorithmdiagnosis system of rotating machinery.The application in a factory's Networked Online Monitoring and Fault Diagnosis System for Turbine Fan shows that the system can diagnosefault rapidly and exactly.     

Minimal Periodic Solutions of SuperquadraticFirst Order Convex Hamiltonian Systems

This paper generalizes all known results on Rabinowitz's minimal periodic solution conjecture under the assumption that Hamiltonian function is C2 strictly convex.     

Prediction of the Economic Development for the Circumjacent Reservoir Region of the Longtan Hydropower Project Using Grey Quantitative Analog

In order to overcome some technical difficulties,we adopt ingenously the grey models combined with the quantitative analog method,and select the Dan Jiangkou Project which has accumulated practical operation data for a long time as the analog project to predict the economic influence for the circumjacent reservoir region of the Longtan hydropower project.On the basis of analog we have built various industrial economic grey models,and compare them with the corresponding predictions for the unconstructed reservoir case.The predictions of the former are greatly larger than the later ones.and hence provides a certain scientific basis for the central leaders to make a decision for constructing the huge hydropower project ultimateiy.     

A Kind of Directing Operation Expert Systems Based on Self-adaptive Predictor

In the general directing-operation expert systems.the information of directingoperation is often shown after the subprocess has finished,The aim of the thesis is to enhance thefunction of directing-operation,and suggest that we add the self-tuning predictor in the expertsystems and use it to direct the present operation.We have shown the case oftemperature-predicting experiment made in the small wine distillatorv so that we can illustrate thatit is feasible to use the predictor to direct the operation.     

APPLICATION OF DECOMPOSITION COORDINATION METHOD OF LARGE - SCALE SYSTEMS AND METHOD OF NONLINEAR PROGRAMMING TO ECONOMIC SCHEDULING OF POWER SYSTEM

In this paper,we discuss a mathematical mode) for optimization of active power dispatch of large-scale hydro-thermal power systems with cascaded hydropower stations. The following factors are taken into account: the variation of the head in the hydropower stations, water transport delay between cascaded stations etc. Using the decomposition-coordination method of large scale systems, we obtain a three-layer-hierarchical coordination system and a three-layer-hierarchical computational structure. We also discuss the computational methods which are used by each hierarchy. We have taken a test computation and analysing the result of an actual hydrothermal power system. The computational results show that it may obtain a satisfactory economic benefit. The paper provides some research work on the economic scheduling of hydrothermal power systems by the decomposition-coordination method of large-scale systems,multiplier method and a new variable metric method.